Amanita Muscaria Mushroom
Amanita muscaria, more commonly referred to by the name of fly agaric, or fly Amanita, is a basidiomycete from the Genus Amanita. Also, it is a Muscimol mushroom. Found in all areas of boreal and temperate climates within the Northern Hemisphere, Amanita muscaria has been introduced unintentionally to many Southern Hemisphere countries, generally as a symbiont associated with the pine and birch plantations, and is now a multi-cultural species. Mycorrhiza has a relationship with many Deciduous as well as coniferous trees. Perhaps the most famous toad sool stool species, The fly agaric is one of the largest white gold-gilled white-spotted, typically red, and is among the most well-known and frequently seen in pop culture.
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| Amanita Muscaria Mushroom |
A design like the frequent use of a well-known Amanita Muscaria in the Mario franchise and the iconic Super Mushroom power-up. Amanita muscaria is a fungus with various recognized variations or subspecies. They are slightly distinct in that some have white or yellow caps; however, they're all known as fly agarics, and they are the majority often identified by the distinctive white spots. However, the latest DNA-based research on fungi has proven that sure of these variants are not related to the identical species, for instance, that of the color peach of the fly agaric Amanita persicina. For instance, however, the term 'fly agaric' is hung too. Though it's poisonous, death from poisoning from A. muscaria ingestion is quite rare. Parboiling repeatedly with water draining decreases the toxicity and helps break down the psychoactive components of the mushroom. It is consumed in Europe, Asia, and North America. All Amanita Muscaria species, however, specifically A. Muscaria varietal. muscaria are renowned for their hallucinogenic properties that are primarily psychoactive, with the primary components being the neurotoxins Ibotenic Acid and muscimol. A local variation that was utilized as an intoxicant and an entheogen in those who were native people of Siberia as well as among the Sami as well as by the Sami, and also has a significance for religion within these cultures. There is a lot of discussion about the possibility of using this particular mushroom as an intoxicant elsewhere, such as in the Middle East, Eurasia, North America, and Scandinavia.
Taxonomy and the naming Taxonomy and naming
The name for these mushrooms in various European languages is believed to originate from its usage for insecticide when it is sprinkled into milk. The practice has been documented from Germanic and Slavic-speaking regions of Europe and the Vosges region and pockets in France and Romania. In 198, Albertus Magnus was the first to document the practice in his work De vegetabilibus, which was written before 1256. In his commentary on the vocatur fungus museum, the quod in late pulverizatus interface muscles "it is known as the fly mushroom due to the fact that it is powdered into milk to kill flies. "A partial veil appears underneath the cap, falling away to create a ring around the stipe. The 16th century Flemish botanist Carolus Clusius traced the practice of adding it to milk back to Frankfurt in Germany. Carl Linnaeus, the "father of taxonomy," was the first to report it as coming from Smaland situated in south Sweden in Sweden, where he lived as a child. He reported the phenomenon in the second volume of the Species Plantarum in 1753, assigning the species the name Agaricus Macarius. The specific epithet is derived from Latin musca, "fly." It was given its name today in 1783, after being placed in the Genus Amanita through Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, a name approved in 1821 by "father of mycology," Swedish naturalist Elias Magnus Fries. The beginning date for all mycota had been established by consensus as January 1st of 1821, the year of Fries's work which is why the full name was Amanita Muscaria (L.:Fr.) Hook. In 1987, the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature editions modified the rules regarding the beginning date and the preparatory work for names for fungi. These names are now accepted as valid as early as May 1st, 1753, which was the date of the publication of Linnaeus's work. Thus, Linnaeus and Lamarck are today considered Amanita Muscaria (L.) Lam.
The English mycologist John Ramsbottom reported that Amanita muscaria was used for getting rid of bugs in England and Sweden, and bug agaric was an old alternative name for the species. French mycologist Pierre Bulliard reported having tried to replicate its fly-killing properties in his work Histoire des Plantes veneneuses et suspected de la France (1784) and proposed a new binomial name Agaricus pseudo-aurantiacus because of this. 200 One compound isolated from the fungus is 1,3-diolein (1,3-di(cis-9-octadecenoyl)glycerol), which attracts insects. It has been hypothesized that the flies intentionally seek out the fly agaric for its intoxicating properties. An alternative derivation proposes that the term fly- refers not to insects but rather the delirium resulting from consumption of the fungus. This is an interpretation based on the belief of the medieval era that flies can enter a person's brain, causing mental disease. A variety of local names are associated with this meaning which refers to that they are the "mad" and "fool's" variant of the highly revered food-grade fungus Amanita caesarea. There is an Oriol foll "mad or oriol" in Catalan Pujols folio, a native of Toulouse concourse fool, in and concourse fool from the Aveyron department of Southern France, ovolo matto from Trentino in Italy. A name for a local dialect of Fribourg located in Switzerland refers to tsapi de diablhou, which means "Devil's hat".194
Classification
Amanita Muscaria is considered a species of a type of the Genus. It is also the species of type from the Amanita subgenus Amanita and the section Amanita in the subgenus. Amanita Subgenus Amanita encompasses the entire Amanita, which has inamyloid spores. Amanita section Amanita includes species with patches of universal veil remnants with a volva reduced to several concentric rings. It also reduces the remnants of the veil on the cap are warts or patches. A majority of the species also feature bulbs on their base. Amanita section Amanita comprises A. Muscaria and its closest relatives, including A. pantherina (the cape of the panther), A. gemmata, A. farinosa gemmate, A. farinosa gemmate, A. farinosa, and A. Acanthocephala. Modern taxonomists of fungal taxonomy have classified Amanita Muscaria and its close relatives based on gross morphology and spore amyloid. Two recent studies on molecular phylogenetics confirm this classification as natural.
Controversy
Amanita muscaria var. Formosa is now a synonym of Amanita muscaria var. guesswork. Amanita Muscaria is quite different in its morphology, and various authorities recognize multiple subspecies or variations in the same species. In the book The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy, German mycologist Rolf Singer identified three subspecies with no description: A. Muscaria is an ssp. muscaria, A. Muscaria and A. muscaria. americana and A. Muscaria americana, and A. muscaria. flavivolvata. However, a molecular phylogenetic analysis of various local populations of A. Muscaria by mycologist Jozsef Geml and his colleagues revealed three distinct clades within the species that represent, roughly speaking, Eurasian, Eurasian "subalpine" in addition to North American populations. Aspects belonging to each of the three clades have been discovered in Alaska, leading to the idea that this is the center of the species' diversification. The study also considered four varieties named by the species that include Var. alba, var. flavivolvata, var. Formosa (including var. guesswork) and the variant. The regalis from both regions. The four varieties were discovered in both Eurasian and North American clades, evidence that these morphological types can be described as polymorphisms instead of distinct varieties or subspecies. Another study on molecular genetics by Geml and coworkers in 2008 reveal that the three genetic categories and a fourth one that is associated with the oak-hickory-pine forests of the southeast United States and two more located on Santa Cruz Island in California and California, are distinct from one another genetically to constitute separate species. This means that A. muscaria is a species complex in its current form. The complex comprises at least three closely related taxa currently considered species: A. breckonii is a mushroom with a buff cap found in conifers from The Pacific Northwest, and A. Gioiosa, which is capped in brown. A. Giosa and A. heterochromia are both from A. heterochromia and Gioiosa from the Mediterranean Basin and Sardinia and Sardinia, respectively. These two are associated with Eucalyptus as well as Cistus trees. It is unclear whether they are native to the area or brought over from Australia. Amanitaceae.org listed four species in May 2019; however, it says they will be separated in their taxa "in the near future." The four varieties are
Description
A cross-section of the body that is fruiting shows skin pigmentation and free gills. A vast, prominent mushroom with a prominent, large size., Amanita muscaria is widespread and abundant wherever it grows. It can be seen in groups that include basidiocarps throughout the levels of their development. Fruiting bodies of fly agaric are seen emerging from the ground, looking like eggs in white. After emerging from the soil, caps are covered in several tiny whites to yellow pyramid-shaped warts. They are remnants of the universal veil, a layer covering the entire mushroom, even when it is very young. A closer inspection of the mushroom at this point, you will see a distinctive skin that is yellow under the veil. This helps to identify the fungus. As the fungus expands and becomes redder, the color shows through the shattered veil, making warts less noticeable. They do not alter in size, but they are smaller than the glowing skin area—the cap's shape changes from globose to hemispherical and eventually to flat and plate-like on mature specimens. Fully developed The vibrant red cap is typically between 8 and 20 centimeters (3-8 inches) in size, but larger specimens have been discovered. The color may disappear after rain and also in older mushrooms. Its free Gills are white. The gills are white, as are the print of the spores. The spores are oval 9-13 inches by 6.5-9 millimeters. They are not blue when an application of iodine. The stipe itself is white, 5-20cm (2-8 in) high, and 1-2 centimeters (1/2-1 in) large, and it has the somewhat brittle, fibrous texture that is typical of giant mushrooms. In the middle is the bulb, which bears universal veil remnants that take the forms of two or four distinctive rings or ruffs. Between the universal veil's base remnants and gills, there are leftovers of that partial veil (which is used to cover the gills throughout the development) in the shape of unmarked white rings. It may be extensive and flaccid with time. There is usually no smell other than a subtle scent of earthiness.
Although it's very distinct about appearance and form, it is often misinterpreted as different types of yellow-to-red mushrooms in the Americas, including armillaria (cf). Miller and the edible Amanita basis are a Mexican species that is similar to A. Caesarea in Europe. The poison control centers within the U.S. and Canada have been aware that the Amarillo (Spanish meaning 'yellow') is a popular term used to describe the A. Caesarea species found in Mexico. Amanita caesarea can be distinguished by its entirely red for orange cap and lacks the many white spots characteristic of A. agaric, the fly. The stem, gills, and the ring of A. Caesarea are bright yellow and not white. The volva is an identifiable white bag that is and is not divided into scales. In Australia, the introduction of the fly agaric can get confused with native vermilion grisette (Amanita Acanthocephala), which is a species that develops when paired with Eucalypts. This species is generally devoid of white warts found in A. Muscaria and has no ring.
Distribution and habitat
A. Muscaria in the form of Pinus radiata plantation near Mount Field National Park, Tasmania Amanita Muscaria is a multi-cultural mushroom indigenous to conifer and deciduous forests across the boreal and temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere. With higher elevations in warmer latitudes in areas like the Hindu Kush, the Mediterranean, and Central America. A recent study on molecular biology suggests that it has its ancestral source in the Siberian-Beringian region during the Tertiary period, before radiating outwards to Asia, Europe, and North America. The time for the fruiting season varies across various climates. It is fruitful in the fall and summer months across the majority regions of North America, but later in winter and autumn on the northern Pacific coast. This species is typically located in similar areas to Boletus edulis and could be seen in fairy rings. In the case of pine seeds, it has been extensively transported into the southern hemisphere, including New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, and South America, located throughout the Southern Brazilian state of Parana and the Rio Grande do Sul. Ectomycorrhizal, Amanita muscaria forms friendships with many trees, such as pine, oak, spruce-fir, and birch. It also forms symbiotic relationships with cedar. Commonly found under introduced trees, the species is found in the symbiosis of introduced trees. A. Muscaria is the fungal counterpart of a weed found in New Zealand, Tasmania, and Victoria and is forming new relationships that include southern beech (Nothofagus). It is also invading the rainforest in Australia and could be replacing the native species.[41It seems to be spreading northwards according to recent reports, it is close to Port Macquarie on the New South Wales north coast.[43The species was discovered beneath the silver Birch (Betula pendula) in Manjimup, Western Australia, in 2010. While it's not spreading to eucalypts within Australia, it was reported as being associated with the eucalypts in Portugal. Commonly located throughout the vast Southern area of Western Australia, It is frequently seen growing on Pinus radiata. It is a common sight in Manjimup, Western Australia.
Toxicity Mature
The white spots could be removed by heavy rain. Amanita muscaria poisoning has occurred in young children and people who ingested the mushrooms for a hallucinogenic experience. Occasionally it has been ingested in error because immature button forms resemble puffballs. The white spots sometimes wash away during heavy rain, and the mushrooms then may appear to be the edible A. cesarean. Amanita Muscaria is a source of biologically active compounds, including at least one of the ones, muscimol, which is believed as psychoactive. Ibotenic acid is a neurotoxin and is an prodrug for muscimol. It has around 10-20% of it converting into the molecule muscimol upon consumption. An active dose in adults is around 6 mg of muscimol or up to 60 mg of ibotenic acid. It is generally around the amount contained in caps of Amanita muscaria. The amount and proportion of chemical compounds found in each mushroom can vary significantly from region to area and season, complicating the issue. The spring and summer mushrooms have been found to have up to 10 times more ibotenic acids and muscimol than the autumn fruits. The deaths of the fungus A. Muscaria have been noted in old journal articles and newspaper articles. Still, thanks to modern medicine, toxic poisoning resulting from fungus consumption is extremely rare. Many books have listed Amanita Muscaria as being deadly. However, as per David Arora, this error suggests that the fungus is more poisonous than it is. The North American Mycological Association has declared that there have been "no instances of death due to toxic substances within these mushrooms over the last 100 years".[59[59 The active constituents in the species are water-soluble boiling and then removing the cooking water at a minimum partially detoxifies A. muscaria. Drying could boost the potency of the species since it facilitates the conversion of ibotenic acids to the more powerful muscimol. According to some sources, after detoxification, the mushroom turns edible. Dr. Patrick Harding describes the Sami practice of processing fly agaric through reindeer. It is believed that the process of detoxifying the fly agaric by reindeer.
Pharmacology
Muscimol The psychoactive component that is the primary of A. Muscaria Ibotenic acid A Prodrug to muscimol found in A. Muscaria Muscarine, first discovered in 1869, was believed to be the hallucinogenic ingredient in A. muscaria. Muscarine is a binder for the acetylcholine receptors muscarinic that trigger the stimulation of the neurons that have these receptors. The concentrations of muscarine found in Amanita Muscaria are minimal compared to other poisonous fungi, like Inosperma erubescens, a small Clitocybe species that is white, C. deal bata, and C. rivulosa. The concentration of muscarine in A. Muscaria is insufficient to be a factor in signs of poisoning.[67] The main toxins that cause A. muscaria poisoning are muscimol (3-hydroxy-5-aminomethyl-1-isoxazole, an unsaturated cyclic hydroxamic acid) and the related amino acid ibotenic acid. Muscimol is the result that results from the breakdown (usually through drying) of Ibotenic acid. Muscimol and ibotenic acids were first discovered in the 20th century. Researchers from England, Japan, and Switzerland found that the adverse results were due to the ibotenic acid and muscimol, not muscarine. These toxic substances are not evenly distributed within the mushroom. The majority are found in the caps of the fruits, a small amount is located in the base, and the least amount is found within the stem. It happens very quickly. Between twenty and ninety minutes following consumption, a significant portion of ibotenic acids is released without being metabolized in the user's urine. It is believed that muscimol does not get excreted when pure ibotenic acid is consumed; however, it can be detected in urine following the consumption of A. Muscaria, a mixture of the acid ibotenic as muscimol. Ibotenic Acid and Muscimol are structurally linked to one and are structurally related to two major neurotransmitters of the central nervous system, glutamic acid, and GABA, respectively. Ibotenic Acid and Muscimol behave similarly to these neurotransmitters, with they are both potent GABAA agonists. In contrast, Ibotenic Acid is an agonist to NMDA glutamate receptors and specific metabotropic glutamate receptors that regulate neuronal activities. These interactions are thought to cause the psychoactive effects found in intoxication. Muscazone can be a different substance that has been discovered in European samples from the fly agaric. It is the result of the decomposition of ibotenic acid through ultra-violet radiation. Muscazone has a low in pharmacological activities compared to other agents. Amanita muscaria, as well as closely related species, are recognized as efficient bio accumulators of vanadium. Certain species are concentrated with vanadium to levels 400 times higher than typically found in plants. Vanadium is found in fruit bodies as an organometallic substance called amantadine. The biochemical significance of this process is unknown. It is believed that the accumulation process has a biological significance.
Symptoms
The fly agarics are renowned for their unpredictability in their effects. Based on the habitat and amount of food consumed per body weight, the effects could vary from mild nausea and shaking to drowsiness, cholinergic crises-like symptoms (low blood pressure and sweating, and salivation), and hearing well visual disturbances. They can also cause mood fluctuations such as euphoria, relaxation ataxia, and loss of equilibrium (like when tetanus is present. In the case of severe poisoning, the mushroom can cause deliria, like the effects of anticholinergic poisoning (such as the one caused by Datura Stramonium) that is characterized by episodes of intense agitation and hallucinations, confusion, and irritability that are followed by periods of nerve system depression. Seizures and coma may also occur in severe poisonings. Symptoms typically appear after around 30 to 90 minutes and peak within three hours, but specific effects can last several days.
In most cases, recovery is complete within 12 to 24 hours. The effect is highly variable between individuals, with similar doses potentially causing different reactions. Some people suffering from intoxication have exhibited headaches up to ten hours afterward. Retrograde amnesia and somnolence can result following recovery.
Treatment
Medical attention must be sought in the event of suspected poisoning. If the intake and treatment period is less than four hours, activated charcoal is administered. A gastric lavage is an option if the patient shows up within an hour of ingestion. Inducing vomiting by using Ipecac syrup is not recommended anymore for any poisoning situation.[80It is not recommended to induce vomiting with ipecac syrup. There is no cure, and treatment with supportive care is the most critical aspect of any further treatment for intoxication. While it's sometimes called a deliriant, and even though it was initially identified from A Muscaria and is the name it bears, however, it does not possess any action, whether as an antagonist or agonist in the muscarinic Acetylcholine receptor, which is why using atropine or physostigmine for use as an antidote isn't recommended. If a patient is delusional or anxious, it can generally be addressed with the patient's reassurance and, if required, physical restraints. A benzodiazepine, such as a diazepam and lorazepam, may manage aggression, combativeness, muscle overactivity, and seizures. It is recommended that only small doses are recommended since they could exacerbate the effects of respiratory depression caused by muscimol. Recurrent vomiting is uncommon, but it can cause electrolyte or fluid imbalances when it occurs. An intravenous electrolyte replenishment or rehydration could be required. In severe cases, patients may experience the condition of coma or loss of consciousness and may require the intubation procedure and artificial ventilation. Hemodialysis is a method of eliminating toxins. However, it is generally regarded to be unnecessary. In modern medical treatments, the outcome is generally good after supportive treatment.
Use of psychoactive substances
Photos were taken at Mount Lofty Botanic Gardens, Adelaide Hills, South Australia. The vast psychoactive effects have been diversely described as depressant dissociative, psychedelic, sedative-hypnotic, or deliriant. Paradoxical effects like stimulation could occur, however. In addition, synesthesia, perceptual phenomenon macropsia, and micropsia could occur. The last two conditions can happen simultaneously or in succession in the context of Alice in Wonderland syndrome, also known as dysmetropsia, and related distortions, pelopsia, and Teleopsia. Certain patients report dreams that appear lucid due to their hypnotic effects.
Contrary to Psilocybe cubensis A. Muscaria isn't commercially cultivable due to its mycorrhizal connection with the pine tree's root system. But, after the ban of psilocybin mushroom cultivation in the United Kingdom in 2006, the sales of legal A. muscaria started increasing.[85 17 Prof. Marija Gimbutiene, a renowned Lithuanian historian, presented to R. Gordon Wasson on using this mushroom in Lithuania. In the remote regions in Lithuania, Amanita Muscaria was consumed during wedding banquets, and then it was mixed with vodka. The professor also mentioned that Lithuanians were known to ship A. Muscaria to Sami located in the Far North for use in ceremonies of shamanism. The Lithuanian celebrations are the only mention that Wasson was given of the consumption of fly agaric to aid in religious usage within Eastern Europe.
Siberia
Amanita muscaria, Eastern Siberia Amanita Muscaria was used extensively as an entheogen by several people of those who were native peoples living in Siberia. Its use was known among almost all of the Uralic-speaking peoples of western Siberia and the Paleosiberian-speaking peoples of the Russian Far East. There are no accounts of A. muscaria usage among people of the ethnic Tungusic and Turkic peoples from Central Siberia. It is thought that the general entheogenic usage of A. Muscaria was not practiced among these peoples.[87 In the western region of Siberia, A. muscaria was limited to shamans who utilized it as a method to achieve a euphoric state. (Normally, Siberian shamans achieve Trance through prolonged dancing and drumming.) In the eastern region of Siberia, A. Muscaria was used by laypeople and shamans alike as a recreational drug and religiously.[87 In the eastern part of Siberia, the shaman would consume the mushrooms, and the others would consume his urine. The urine, which is still full of psychoactive components, could prove more potent than A. Muscaria mushroom, with less adverse effects, such as sweating and twitching. This indicates that the first user could be a screening filter to prevent other elements from the mushroom. The muscaria is believed that the Koryak in Eastern Siberia has a tale concerning the fly-agaric ( wapaq), which allowed Big Raven to transport an entire whale to its new home. In the tale, the god Vahiyinin ("Existence") spilled his spit on the earth, and his saliva turned into the wapaq, and his saliva turned into warts. After being able to experience the power of Wapaq, Raven was so thrilled that he declared it to be forever on the earth so his children, who were the ones who were able to benefit from it.[89In the case of the Koryaks, there was a report that the poor would eat the urine of the rich who had the money to buy mushrooms. It was noted that local reindeer often followed those who were intoxicated by the muscimol mushrooms and, if the person were to urinate in snow, the reindeer would also become drunk, and the Koryak people would benefit from the drunken state of reindeer to rope them and hunt them.
Other reports of use Other reports of use
Finnish historical writer T. I. Itkonen mentions that the Sami people in the past used A. Muscaria. The sorcerers of Inari consumed fly agarics that had seven spots. In 1979, Said Gholam Mochtar and Hartmut Geerken published an essay claiming to have found an ancient tradition of recreational and medicinal consumption of this mushroom by the Parachi-speaking people of Afghanistan. There are unconfirmed accounts of the religious use of A. Muscaria in two Subarctic Native American tribes. Ojibwa ethnobotanist Keewaydinoquay Peschel has reported the use of muscaria in her tribe, where it was referred to by the name of miskwedo (an abbreviation for the word oshtimisk wajashkwedo (meaning "red-top mushrooms ")). Wasson welcomed This information; however, the evidence of other sources is lacking. Additionally, one report of European claims to be initiated into the traditional Tlicho usage of Amanita muscaria. It is believed that the flying reindeer Santa Claus, who is called Joulupukki within Finland, could be symbolic of the usage of A. malaria in the hands of Sami shamans.
Vikings
The idea that Vikings used A. muscaria to create their berserker-like rages was initially thought of by Swedish Professor Samuel Odmann, who was in 1784. Odmann's theories were based on reports on the fly agaric's use among Siberian Shamans. The idea has spread widely from the 19th century onward. However, no current sources refer to this practice or any similar use in their descriptions of the berserkers. Muscimol is typically a mild relaxant. However, it could trigger various reactions in an ensemble of people. It may cause someone to be angry or cause them "very happy or sad, flutter around dancing, singing or give way to extreme fright." However, an analysis of the comparative symptoms has been able to establish Hyoscyamus the niger is a better match to the condition that is characterized by the Berserker rage.[101The berserker rage is a symptom of a person's
Flytrap editFly trap
Amanita Muscaria is typically employed to catch flies, possibly because of its high Ibotenic Acid and muscimol content. Recently, an examination of nine different strategies to prepare A. malaria to catch fly larvae in Slovenia have revealed that the release of Ibotenic acids and muscimol didn't depend upon the solvent (milk or water) and that mechanical and thermal processing resulted in more efficient extraction of ibotenic acids and muscimol. The study also found that muscimol was more easily extracted by mechanical processing.
In religion Soma
Check out: Botanical identity of Soma-Haoma The year 1968 was the first time R. Gordon Wasson proposed that A. Muscaria was the Soma spoken of by the Rigveda of India. This was a suggestion that received colossal publicity and widespread backing. The author pointed out that the descriptions of Soma did not include any descriptions of stems, roots, or seeds, suggesting that it was a mushroom and also used the word hari, which means "dazzling" as well "flaming" that the author considers being red. A section described men who urinated Soma, and this was a reference to the tradition that recycled urine within Siberia. Soma is described as having come "from mountain ranges" in a way that Wasson interprets as the mushroom was brought into the region by Aryan invading tribes of the north. Indian scholars Santosh Kumar Dash and Sachinanda Padhy noted that eating mushrooms and drinking urine was prohibited. For example, in the Manusmrti in 1971, Vedic researcher John Brough from Cambridge University rejected Wasson's theory and said that the language used was not clear enough to establish the nature of Soma. In his 1976 study, Hallucinogens and Culture, the anthropologist Peter T. Furst evaluated the evidence in support and against the recognition as a fly agaric fungus to be the Vedic Soma and came to a cautious conclusion the favor. Kevin Feeney and Trent Austin The two researchers compared the mentions in the Vedas to filtering mechanisms during Amanita muscaria's preparation. Amanita Muscaria published results that support the notion that the fly-agaric mushroom might be possible for the sacrament. Other possible candidates are Psilocybe cubensis, Peganum harmala, and Ephedra. Mosaic of red mushrooms. They were discovered in the Christian Basilica of Aquileia in northern Italy in northern Italy, which dates back to before the year 330 AD.
Philologist, archeologist, and Dead Sea Scrolls scholar John Marco Allegro believed that the early Christian theology stemmed from a fertility-based cult centered on consuming entheogenic substances A. muscaria in his book, The Sacred Mushroom, and the Cross. Allegro's theory has received no support from scholars outside of ethnomycology. The book was heavily criticized by theologians and academics, such as the late Sir Godfrey Driver, Emeritus Professor of Semitic Philology at Oxford University, and Henry Chadwick, the Dean of Christ Church, Oxford. Christian author John C. King wrote an extensive rebuttal to Allegro's hypothesis within the 1970 publication A Christian View of the Mushroom Myth. King points out there are no-fly agarics, or their host trees are located throughout the Middle East. Even the presence of pines and cedars is located there. He also reveals the fragile nature of the connection with biblical names and Sumerian names invented by Allegro. King concludes that if the theory were true, then the mushroom usage would be "the most secretive around the globe" since it was secretly kept for two millennia.
Culinary uses Culinary use
The toxins found in A. Muscaria are water-soluble. Boiling A. the muscaria fruit body can cleanse the mascara and make them edible. However, the consumption of mushrooms as a food source has not been widespread. The consumption of the purified A. muscaria was practiced in a few areas in Europe (notably among Russian settlements in Siberia) from around the 19th century at a minimum and possibly earlier. The German naturalist and doctor Georg Heinrich von Langsdorff wrote the first published description of how to cleanse the muscaria plant in 1823. In the latter part of the 19th century, French medical doctor Felix Archimede Pouchet was a promoter and popularizer of A. Muscaria consumption and compared it with manioc, a significant food source in the tropical region of South America that must be cleaned before consumption. The use of this mushroom as a food source appears to have existed throughout North America. A famous description of the usage of A. Muscaria by an African-American vendor from Washington, D.C., in the latter part of the 19th century, was written in the work of American botanist Frederick Vernon Coville.
In this instance, the mushroom, after boiling then incubating within vinegar, is turned into a mushroom sauce to serve with the preparation of steak. It can also be eaten as a meal in some areas of Japan. The most widely-known use as a food mushroom is in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. In Japan, it is mainly pickled and salted. A 2008 article written by the food historian William Rubel and mycologist David Arora provides a background of the consumption of A. Muscaria as a food item and outlines detoxification techniques. They recommend the idea that Amanita Muscaria is described in guidebooks as an edible mushroom but with a detailed description of how to cleanse it. The authors argue that the overt description in the field guides of this fungus as being poisonous reflects a culture-based bias in the same way that other popular species of edible such as morels can be poisonous if not appropriately prepared.
Cultural depictions
Moritz von Schwind The painting was done by artists in 1851. Rubezahl includes fly agarics. The red and white spotted toadstool has become an image shared in all popular culture elements. Like the Smurfs, garden ornaments and books of children's pictures depicting fairies and gnomes are often depicted as fly agarics to serve as seats or homes.[30][116Fly agarics have been featured in art since the Renaissance period, though subtly. For instance, when you look at Hieronymus Bosch's painting, The Garden of Earthly Delights, the mushroom is visible on the left-hand panel of the work.[118In the Victorian period, they were more prominent and became the central subject matter of a few fairy paintings. The two most popular uses of mushrooms are found from the Mario franchise (precisely two of the Super Mushroom power-ups and platforms of various stages modeled on the fly agaric and the dance mushroom sequence from the classic 1940 Disney film Fantasia. A description of Philip of Strahlenberg in his travels to Siberia and his description of the usage in mukhomor in Siberia was released by the author in English around 1736. Anglo-Irish author Oliver Goldsmith discussed the urine consumption of people who consumed the mushrooms in his widely read novel in 1762, The Citizen of the World. The fungus was recognized as being the fly agaric at this time. Others had documented how the distortions of the dimensions of perceived objects when they were intoxicated by the fungus, such as the naturalist Mordecai Cubitt Cooke, in his books The Seven Sisters of Sleep and A Plain and Simple of the History of British Fungi. What happens due to eating the fungus in the famous tale of 1865, The Alice's Adventures of Wonderland. The hallucinogenic "scarlet toadstool" found in Lappland is used as a plot device in Charles Kingsley's novel Hereward the Wake, based on the medieval character of a similar name. Thomas Pynchon's novel Gravity's Rainbow describes the fungus as a "relative of the poisonous Destroying angel." It provides a thorough description of an individual preparing the cookie bake recipe using the cultivated Amanita muscaria.[128The novel also explores the use of the fungus in its way. Fly agaric shamanism has also been described in the 2003 book Thursbitch written by Alan Garner.
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